| Referencing and academic conventions |
It is intended that these guidelines should be adopted by all subject areas. However, in accordance with Newman’s General Academic Regulations, where a subject specialism dictates the use of an alternative scheme of referencing, this will be published in the relevant subject handbooks.
1.1 How should I present my work?
3.1 Why do we need to reference?
3.2 Which system of referencing does Newman use?
3.3 What are the different aspects of referencing?
3.4a In-text citation - multiple sources
3.4b In-text citation - multiple sources published in the same year by the same author
3.7 How should I set out quotations?
3.8 Reference list/bibliography conventions
1.1 How should I present my work?
As stated in the Student Handbook, Newman University College expects most work to be produced on a computer (except for some mathematical assignments as advised). You should ensure that you use a suitable word processing package, such as MS Word, to aid scanning for plagiarism when work is submitted, and that you include details of the assessment title and your student number in headers and/or footers to enable identification of your work. All work submitted must also have all pages numbered. Work should, ideally, be submitted in a plastic wallet.
Guidance on the presentation of individual items of assessment will be provided in relevant module handbooks and from your tutors. In general however:
- Use 2.5cm margins at the top, bottom, left and right of each page.
- Use double line spacing in the main body of the assignment, and single line spacing in the reference list/bibliography, with a double space between each reference.
- Use Tahoma, or if your PC doesn’t have this, an appropriate sans serif font such as Arial, in 12 point.
When undertaking research that involves children in schools or working with young people, confidentiality should be respected at all times. In accordance with Newman’s Ethical Guidelines, on no account should the real name of a school, teachers or children be used, without permission being obtained.
Studies must respect the privacy and psychological wellbeing of the individual participants. Photographs may only be used with the permission of all concerned. Advice should be taken from your supervisor on the appropriate storing and taking of images. Particular care must be taken in relation to photographs and images of children.
3.1 Why do we need to reference?
Referencing in academic writing has several purposes:
- It allows a reader to identify and find the sources which have been used
- It allows identification of the source of a particular quotation in your work
- It can help you to avoid plagiarism
When writing a piece of academic work you need to provide full bibliographic details (author, title, publisher, date and place of publication, page numbers etc.) for all sources that have been used. To allow others to identify different parts of the reference, a standard and consistent structure and format is used to present the reference.
3.2 Which system of referencing does Newman use?
There are several different referencing systems in use by the academic community. We use the Harvard System, also known as the “author-date” system. If you check the internet or other sources for information about the Harvard system, you will find a number of variations in its use. This is why we have produced a guide to the version of Harvard we expect you to use at Newman, and you should also consult the following document:
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. Newcastle: Pear Tree Books.
3.3 What are the different aspects of referencing?
In the text of your written work you may need to refer to the ideas, theories, and opinions of other writers, or give direct quotations from sources which you have consulted. In each case, it is essential that you provide full details of the work referred to, or “cited”.
In the Harvard referencing system, there are two parts of the process; In-text citations and End-text citation, as described in 3.4 In-text citation and 3.5 End-text citation below.
From a point within the main text of your written work the abbreviated reference, or citation, directs the reader to the bibliography. To create an in-text citation the bibliographic details you need are:
- Author’s name
- Publication date for the work
- Relevant page numbers
There are two different types of in-text citation:
When the author’s name occurs naturally
in your writing
If you are naming the author in your running text, put the date and page reference
in round brackets:
Smith (2005, p.47) argued that…
When the author’s name does not occur naturally
in your writing
If you are summarising an author’s work or not referring to the author
directly in the running text, put all parts of the in-text citation in round
brackets:
In a recent study (Smith, 2005, p.47) it was argued that…
3.4a In-text citation - multiple sources
If you need to refer to two or more publications at the same time, these can be listed separated by semicolons (;).
The publications should be cited chronologically by year of publication with the most recent source first. If more than one work is published in the same year then they should be listed alphabetically by author/ editor:
Recent environmental studies (Williams, 2007; Andrews, 2005; Martin and Richards, 2004) considered...
3.4b In-text citation - multiple sources published in the same year by the same author(s)
Multiple publications published in the same year by the same author/ editor should be distinguished both in-text and in the reference list by allocating lower case letters in alphabetical order after the publication date:
In-text:
In his study of the work of Rubens, Miller (2006a, p.18) emphasised the painter's mastery of drama in his larger compositions. However, his final analysis on this subject (Miller, 2006b, p.143) argued that...
Reference list:
Miller, S. (2006a) The Flemish masters. London: Phaidon Press.
Miller, S. (2006b) Rubens and his art. London: Killington Press.
3.4c In-text citation - more than three authors
When citing publications by up to three authors or editors, all are listed:
In-text:
Recent educational research (Lewis and Jones, 2008) has shown that...
In a newly-published survey Hill, Smith and Reid (2008, p.93) argue that...
For publications by more than three authors or editors, cite the first name listed in the work followed by et al. et al is from Latin and translates as "and others":
In-text:
New research on health awareness (Tipton et al., 2008, p.124)...
Reference list:
Tipton, S., Smith, P., Holmes, D. and James, H. (2008) Health awareness Oxford: Oxford University Press.
NOTE All authors'/editors' names would be given in your reference list (no matter how many there are) so that each author or editor can receive credit for their research and published work.
Gives full details of items cited in the text and directs the reader to the original source you are referring to.
See section 3.8 Reference
list/bibliography conventions below, and look at the examples
table for information on how to create this part of the
reference.
In order to identify your sources clearly you will need to use both in-text
citations and full references.
It is sometimes the case that you wish to refer
to, or quote from, a source which you have not read yourself,
but which has been cited in a work that you have consulted. This
is called ‘secondary referencing’ as you have not
read the original piece of work.
Wherever possible, you should always try and read the original because by quoting
a secondary reference, you are relying on the author you are reading to give
a fair reflection of the contents of the original work.
If you have to give a secondary reference in your work, you must make it clear
that you have not read the original. This is an example of an in-text citation:
Jones (2004, p.22) endorses this controversial view, quoting Johnson’s conclusion that the earlier records have been forged.
In your list of references at the end of your work, you cannot include a reference to the original work (in this example, by Johnson) as you have not read it. Your reference would therefore be:
Jones, P.R. (2004) Golden legends: Christian hagiographies in early medieval Europe. London: Farrar.
The full bibliographic reference for Johnson’s work will appear in Jones’s references if you or your tutor should wish to consult it.
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3.7. How should
I set out quotations?
Quotations of up to 3 lines
Short quotations can be set in quotation marks and included in the body of
the text. For example:
Nutbrown (2006, p.36) suggests that “continuity is an essential element of quality”.
Quotations of more than 3 lines
Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from
the main text, without quotation marks. For example:
Nutbrown (2006, p.36) observed that:
The progression of skills and the introduction of new materials and content should support progression of children’s thoughts and ideas. These multiple elements are needed, but it can be at the expense of other important factors in the continuity of learning.
3.7a Making changes to quotations
1. If you omit part of the quotation, this is indicated by using three dots... (called ellipsis):
"Drug prevention...efforts backed this up" (Gardner, 2007, p.49).
2. If you want to insert your own words, or different words, into a quotation, put them in square brackets [ ]:
"In this field [crime prevention], community support officers..." (Higgins, 2008, p.17).
3. If you want to point out an error in a quotation (for example, a spelling mistake) do not correct it; instead write [sic]:
Williams (2008, p.86) noted that "builders maid [sic] bricks".
When you paraphrase, you express someone else's writing in your own words, without using quotation marks, usually to achieve greater clarity. This is an alternative way of referring to an author's ideas or arguments without using direct quotations from their text. Used properly, it has the added benefit of fitting more neatly into your own style of writing and allows you to demonstrate that you really do understand what the author is saying. However, you must ensure that you do not change the original meaning and you must still cite and reference your source of information:
In-text:
Harrison (2007, p.48) clearly distinguishes between the historical growth of the larger European nation states and the roots of their languages and linguistic development, particularly during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
When you summarise, you provide a brief statement of the main points of an article, web page, chapter or book. This differs from paraphrasing as it only lists the main topics or headings, with most of the detailed information being left out. When you are summarising an article or chapter, there is no need to put page numbers in your in-text citations:
In-text:
Nevertheless, one important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely
at the historical and linguistic links between European races
and cultures over the past five hundred years.
3.8 Reference list/bibliography conventions
You will be required to produce a reference list
and/or a bibliography, at the end of your assignment.
The reference list only includes sources cited in the text of your assignment
as in-text citations. A bibliography appears in the same format as a reference
list, but it includes a list of all the sources you consulted for the assignment,
and not just the ones you cited.
Please take note of the following conventions:
- All appropriate elements of the reference should be included
- Elements of the reference should be presented in the order identified by the system of referencing
- References should be arranged in a single alphabetical sequence by the author or editor’s last name, or when there is no author, by title (for web pages with no apparent author or title, the URL should be used)
- Author’s names should be given as they appear on the title page of the publication, but do not include titles or qualifications
- If no date can be identified, use (no date)
- Edition statements should be given for all
publications but NOT for the first edition:
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006) How to research. 3rd edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
- Punctuation should be consistent for all references.
There are particular conventions for usage. For example;
- surname<comma> forename or
initials<full stop>
e.g. Peters, W.R.
- surname<comma> forename or
initials<full stop>
- Place of publication<colon> Publisher<full
stop>
e.g. Buckingham: Open University Press.
- Underlining is an indicator of italics and so it is important not to confuse the two functions. For example; when word processed, titles of books, journals and web pages etc., should be italicised. Word processors tend to underline URL’s and this is an acceptable exception.
- Capitalise only the first letter of the first
word of the title and any proper nouns:
A history of Shakespearean England
This system of referencing does not support the use of footnotes. Should any subject areas wish to use them, the same applies as to those who want to use a different system; i.e. in accordance with Newman's General Academic Regulations, where a subject specialism dictates the use of an alternative scheme of referencing, this should be published in the relevant subject handbook.
The following table gives the citation order
(the order in which the different elements of the reference should
be given) and examples of different reference types. It includes
most of the reference types you will use in your writing, but
for other examples, please refer to:
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right: the essential referencing
guide. Newcastle: Pear Tree Books.
Acts
of parliament
Artwork
Audio CD
Audio/video download
Bible
Bills (House of Commons or House of Lords)
Blogs
Book - single author
Book - two authors
Book - three authors
Book - more than three authors
Online reference book
Book illustrations, diagrams or tables
British standards
Chapter/section of an edited book
Conference papers - printed
Conference papers - internet
Dictionary
Electronic books (e-books)
Electronic discussion
groups
Encyclopedia article
Film/movie (DVD, video)
Government department publications - printed
Government department publications - internet
Internet
pages
Interviews
Journal article
Journal article - electronic database
Line within a play
Newspaper article - printed
Newspaper article - internet
Personal communications (conversation,
letter, email, telephone, fax, text)
Photographs - printed
Photographs - internet
Public communications (lectures, Powerpoints,
announcements, webinars)
Qur'an
Reports - printed
Reports - internet
Social networking websites (for example Facebook, Twitter)
Television/radio
Television
programmes viewed on the internet
Theses
Torah
Translated books
VLE (Virtual Learning Environment) - tutor
notes
VLE - journal article
VLE - text extracts from books digitised for use in VLEs
Wikis
You tube video
- Author/editor (surname, forename(s) or initials)
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- Edition (if not the first edition)
- Place of publication: Publisher
In-text:
"The cultural revolution was not imminent" (Storey, 1993, p.42).
Reference list:
Storey, John (1993) An introduction to cultural theory and popular culture. 2nd edn. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf.
- Authors/editors (surname, forename(s) or initials)
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- Edition (if not the first edition)
- Place of publication: Publisher
In-text:
"Children are more focused when clear direction is given" (Daniel and Wassell, 2002, p.89).
Reference list:
Daniel, Brigid and Wassell, Sally (2002) The early years: assessing and promoting resilience in vulnerable children. London: Jessica Kingsley.
- Authors/editors (surname, forename(s) or initials) separated with a comma after the first and an 'and' after the second
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- Edition (if not the first edition)
- Place of publication: Publisher
In-text:
"Thorough referencing is essential to success" (Blaxter, Hughes and Tight, 2006, p21).
Reference list:
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006) How to research. 3rd edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Book – more than three authors
- First Author/editor
- et al (in italics)
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- Edition (if not the first edition)
- Place of publication: Publisher
In-text:
New research on health awareness (Tipton et al., 2008, p.124)...
Reference list:
Tipton, S., Smith, P., Holmes, D. and James, H. (2008) Health awareness Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chapter/section of an edited book
- Author of the chapter/section
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of chapter/section (in single quotation marks)
- ‘in’ plus author/editor of book, followed by '(ed.) or (eds.) if book has editor/s
- Title of book (in italics)
- Place of publication: Publisher
- Page reference
In text:
The view proposed by Franklin (2002, p.88)
Reference list:
Franklin, A.W. (2002) ‘Management of the problem’, in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp.83-95.
NOTE actual page of reference is given in-text and the chapter page numbers are given in the reference list.
- Author/editor of book, followed by '(ed.) or (eds.) if editor/sn
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of section/definition (in single quotation marks)
- 'in' plus title of reference book (in italics)
- [Online]
- Available at: URL of section/definition
- Accessed: date (in round brackets)in
In-text:
The term 'multiculturalism' emerged in the 1960's in Anglophone countries (McLean and McMillan, 2009)
Reference list:
McLean, I. and McMillan, A. (eds.) (2009) 'Multiculturalism', in The concise Oxford dictionary of politics [Online]. Available at: http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t86.e853> (Accessed: 12 December 2011).refere book
Book illustrations, diagrams or table
- Author of book
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of book (in italics)
- Place of publication: Publisher
- Page reference of illustration, etc.
- Illus./fig./table
In-text:
Holbein's painting illustrated the prelate's ornate mitre (Strong, 1990, pp.62-3).
Reference list:
Strong, R. (1990) Lost treasures of Britain. London: Viking, pp.62-3, illus.
- Author(s)
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of article (in quotation marks)
- Title of journal (in italics)
- Issue information (volume, part number, month or season)
- Page reference
In text:
The view proposed by Phillips (2006, p.551)
Reference list:
Phillips, David (2006) ‘Investigating policy attraction in education’, Oxford review of education, 32 (5), pp.551-559.
NOTE actual page of reference is given in-text and the article page numbers are given in the reference list.
Journal article – electronic database
- Author(s)
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of article (in quotation marks)
- Title of journal (in italics)
- Volume, issue, page numbers
- Name of collection (in italics)
- [Online]
- Available at: URL of collection
- Accessed: date (in round brackets)
In-text:
"Consequently, error rates were individually calculated as number of false positive reactions during NoGo trials." (Ruchsow, 2005, p.300).
Reference list:
Ruchsow, M. (2005) ‘Error-related brain activity in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder’ Journal of Psychophysiology, 19 (4), pp. 298-304 PsycARTICLES [Online]. Available at: http://gateway.uk.ovid.com/ (Accessed: 07 January 2010).
- Author(s)
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of article (in quotation marks)
- Title of newspaper (in italics)
- Day and month
- Page reference
In-text:
"There was some reluctance from potential asylum seekers to take part." (Ward, 2005).
Reference list:
Ward, Lucy (2005) ‘X-ray plan for young asylum seekers’ The Guardian, 05 January, p.7.
- Author(s)
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of article (in single quotation marks)
- Title of newspaper (in italics)
- Day and month
- [Online]
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
Financial incentives were offered to graduates (Mansell and Bloom, 2008)
Reference list:
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2008) '£8,000 carrot to tempt maths experts', Times Educational Supplement, 20 June [Online]. Available at: http://www.tes.co.uk/2635138 (Accessed: 23 June 2010).
- Author
- Year of publication of book (in round brackets)
- Title of book (in italics)
- Name of e-book collection (in italics)
- [Online]
- Available at: URL
- Accessed: date (in round brackets)
In-text:
"An opportunity is the beginning of a sale, and you need to be creating opportunities all the time." (Parks, 2005, p.1).
Reference list:
Parks, S. (2005) The small business handbook: the complete guide to running and growing your business. Dawsonera [Online]. Available at: http://www.dawsonera.com (Accessed 20 July 2010).
- Author/ organisation
- Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
- Title of internet site (in italics)
- Available at: URL
- Accessed: date (in round brackets)
For web pages where author and title can be identified:
In-text:
"The victorious William, now known as 'the Conqueror', brought a new aristocracy to England from Normandy and some other areas of France." (Hudson, 2009).
Reference list:
Hudson, J. (2009) The Normans 1066-1154. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/overview_normans_01.shtml (Accessed: 20 July 2010).
For web pages where no author can be identified, use the web page’s title:
In-text:
"The victorious William, now known as 'the Conqueror', brought a new aristocracy to England from Normandy and some other areas of France." (The Normans 1066-1154, 2009).
Reference list:
The Normans 1066-1154 (2009) Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/overview_normans_01.shtml (Accessed: 20 July 2010).
For web pages where no author or title can be identified, use the web page’s URL:
In-text:
"The victorious William, now known as 'the Conqueror', brought a new aristocracy to England from Normandy and some other areas of France." (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/overview_normans_01.shtml, 2009).
Reference list:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/overview_normans_01.shtml (2009) (Accessed: 20 July 2010).
- Author of message
- Year that message was posted (in round brackets)
- Title of message (in quotation marks)
- Title of internet site (in italics)
- Day/month of posted message
- Available at: URL
- Accessed: date (in round brackets)
In-text:
Shiela Webber (2010) noted that "We found the majority of handouts in our sample placed more attention on the mechanics of preparing a research assignment..."
Reference list:
Webber, S. (2010) 'Assigning inquiry: how handouts for research assignments guide today's college students', Information literacy weblog, 20 July. Available at: http://information-literacy.blogspot.com/ (Accessed: 21 July 2010).
- Author of message
- Year of message (in round brackets)
- Subject of the message (in quotation marks)
- Discussion group or bulletin board (in italics)
- Date posted: day/month
- [Online]
- Available at: URL
- Accessed: date (in round brackets)
In-text:
Karen Stewart (2010) discussed the idea of reading a book you are not enjoying "Life is too short to endure a book you don't want to be reading".
Reference list:
Stewart, K. (2010) 'Books you couldn't force yourself to finish - and why?', Amazon fiction forum, 21 July [Online]. Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/tag/fiction/forum (Accessed: 21 July 2010).
VLE (Virtual Learning Environment) – tutor notes
- Author or tutor
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of item (in quotation marks)
- Name of academic module (in italics)
- [Online]
- Available at: URL of VLE
- Accessed: date (in round brackets)
In-text:
"Children are born intrinsically evil" (Davies, 2010).
Reference list:
Davies, H.(2010) 'Discourses of childhood powerpoint'. CS407 Perspectives on childhood, [Online]. Available at: http://moodle.newman.ac.uk/10-11/course/view.php?id=1784 (Accessed: 22 July 2010).
- Author
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of article (in quotation marks)
- Title of journal (in italics)
- Volume, issue, page numbers
- Name of academic module (in italics)
- [Online]
- Available at: URL of VLE
- Accessed: date (in round brackets)
In-text:
Squires (2004, p.37) argues that "research into literary prizes can potentially be extremely pertinent in the understanding of the material and ideological conditions of the production and reception of literature and literary value."
Reference list:
Squires, C. (2004) 'A common ground? Booker prize culture in Europe' The public 11 (4), pp.37-48. EN706 Popular postcolonial: prize winners and bestsellers [Online]. Available at: http://moodle.newman.ac.uk/09-10/course/view.php?id=2979 (Accessed: 22 July 2010).
VLE - text extracts from books digitised for use in VLEs
- Author
- Year of publication of book (in round brackets)
- Extract title (in single quotation marks)
- in
- Title of book (in italics)
- Place of publication: publisher (if available)
- Page numbers of extract
- Name of academic module (in italics)
- [Online]
- Available at: URL of VLE
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
At least one author (Fenwick, 2007)...
Reference list:
Fenwick, H. (2007) 'The Human Rights Act', in Civil liberties and human rights. London: Routledge Cavendish, pp. 157-298. Legal skills [Online]. Available at: http://moodle.newman.ac.uk/10-11/course/view (Accessed: 24 August 2011)
- Title of article (in single quotation marks)
- Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
- Title of internet site (in italics)
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
Telford introduced new techniques of bridge construction ('Thomas Telford', 2008).
Reference list:
'Thomas Telford' (2008) Wikipedia. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Telford (Accessed: 11 May 2010).
Social networking websites (for example Facebook, Twitter)
- Author
- Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
- Title of page (in single quotation marks)
- Title of internet site (in italics)
- Day/month of posted message
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
One celebrity (Fry, 2010) frequently sent contributions from Paris.
Reference list:
Fry, S. (2010) 'Favorites', Twitter, 13 January. Available at: http://twitter.com/stephenfry/favorites (Accessed: 18 January 2010)
Government department publications - printed
- Country of origin
- Government department
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- Place of publication: Publisher.
In-text:
"The curriculum should enable all young people to become successful learners who enjoy learning , make progress and achieve" (Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2007, p.7).
Reference list:
Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and Families (2007) The national curriculum: statutory requirements for key stages 3 and 4. London: Department for Children, Schools and Families and Qualifications and Curriculum Authority.
Government department publications - internet
- Country of origin
- Government department
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- [Online]
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
"The curriculum should inspire and challenge all learners and prepare them for the future." (Great Britain. Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency, 2010).
Reference list:
Great Britain. Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency (2010) About the secondary curriculum [Online]. Available at: http://www.qcda.gov.uk/curriculum/secondary/552.aspx (Accessed: 22 July 2010).
- Author or organisation
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of report (in italics)
- Place of publication: Publisher
In-text:
"Audiences to the CBBC channel have continued to rise." (BBC, 2006, p.30).
Reference list:
British Broadcasting Corporation (2006) Annual report and accounts 2005/2006 London: BBC.
- Author or organisation
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of report (in italics)
- [Online]
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
"The BBC is addressing audiences’ concerns about past lapses in editorial standards" (BBC, 2010)
Reference list:
British Broadcasting Corporation (2010) Annual report and accounts 2009/10 [Online]. Available at : http://www.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/ (Accessed: 22 July 2010).
- Author of paper
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of paper (in quotation marks)
- Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
- Location and date of conference
- Place of publication: Publisher
- Page references for the paper
In-text:
Cook (2000) highlighted examples of the developments...
Reference list:
Cook, D. (2000) ‘Developing franchised business in Scotland’, Small firms: adding the spark: the 23rd ISBA National Small Firms Policy and Research Conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen 15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs, pp.127-136.
- Author of paper
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of paper (in quotation marks)
- Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
- Location and date of conference
- Publisher
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
According to Conole (2010) "the sheer variety of new technologies available now is bewildering".
Reference list:
Conole, G. (2010) 'Current challenges in learning design and pedagogical patterns research' Seventh international conference on networked learning, Denmark 3rd and 4th May. Open University. Available at: http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/organisations/netlc/past/nlc2010/abstracts/Conole.html (Accessed: 22 July 2010).
- Name of authoring organisation
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Number and title of standard (in italics)
- Place of publication: Publisher
In-text:
Loft conversions are subject to strict controls (British Standards Institute, 1989).
Reference list:
British Standards Institute (1989) BS5268-7.4: Structural use of timber: ceiling binders. London: British Standards Institute.
- Author
- Year of submission (in round brackets)
- Title of thesis (in italics)
- Degree statement
- Degree awarding body
In-text:
"The percentage of children wishing to be smaller, larger or remain the same was also calculated." (Duncan, 2005).
Reference list:
Duncan, Michael Joseph (2005) Children's body image, body fatness and physical activity: an exploratory study with special reference to gender, socio-economic status and ethnicity. Unpublished MPhil thesis. Coventry University.
- Author
- Year of submission (in round brackets)
- Title of thesis (in italics)
- Degree statement
- Degree awarding body
- [Online]
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
"In recent years awareness of childhood obesity as a clinical and public health problem has increased." (Motlagh, 2001).
Reference list:
Motlagh, A.R.D. (2001) Epidemiology of childhood obesity. PhD thesis. University of Glasgow [Online]. Available at: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=4&uin=uk.bl.ethos.390700 (Accessed: 22 July 2010).
Public communications (lectures, Powerpoints, announcements, webinars)
- Author/speaker
- Year (in round brackets)
- Title of communication (in italics)
- Medium [in square brackets]
- Day/ month
In-text:
"creating a comprehensive search strategy before undertaking your research is essential" (Westwood, 2006).
Reference list:
Westwood, R. (2006) Searches and sources. [Information skills workshop powerpoint]. 29 November.
Personal communications (conversation, letter, email, telephone, fax, text)
- Sender/speaker/author
- Year (in round brackets)
- Medium
- Receiver of communication
- Day /month
In-text:
Slater (2007) argued that "the article was written from a Marxist perspective".
Reference list:
Slater, H. (2007) E-mail to Brian Jones, 10 January.
- Title of programme (in italics)
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Name of channel
- Date of transmission (day/ month)
In-text:
Vicky Pollard (Little Britain, 2005) exemplifies the temperamental teenager.
Reference list:
Little Britain (2005) BBC 2, 23 June.
Television programmes viewed on the internet
- Title of episode (in single quotation marks) if known; if not, use title of programme
- Year of transmission (in round brackets)
- Title of programme/series (in italics)
- Series and episode numbers (if known)
- Name of channel
- Day/month of transmission
- [Online]
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
The effects of the accident were portrayed graphically ('Love you', 2008).
Reference list:
'Love you' (2008) Holby City, Series 10, episode 4, BBC One Television, 9 June. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/ (Accessed: 15 June 2008).
- Artist
- Year of distribution (in round brackets)
- Title of album (in italics)
- [CD]
- Place of distribution: Distribution company
In-text:
The singer's latest album, Aphrodite (2010) which was released earlier this year has been described as a triumph on the pop scene.
Reference list:
Minogue, K.(2010) Aphrodite [CD]. London: Parlophone.
- Artist (if available; if not use title first)
- Year of distribution
- Title of recording (in italics)
- Name of download site (in italics)
- [Download]
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed:date)
In-text:
Mr Brightside was a major success (The Killers, 2004).
Reference list:
The Killers (2004) Mr Brightside. iTunes [Download]. Available at: http://www.apple.com/uk/itunes (Accessed: 24 January 2008).
- Title of film (in italics)
- Year of distribution (in round brackets)
- Director
- Medium [in square brackets]
- Place of distribution: Distribution Company
In-text:
The repetitive nature of everyday life has been the subject of some films, for example, Groundhog day (1993).
Reference list:
Groundhog day (1993) Directed by Harold Ramis [DVD]. Los Angeles: Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc.
- Artist
- Date (if available)
- Title (in italics)
- Medium [in square brackets]
- Institution or collection that houses the work, followed by the city
In-text:
The triumph of St Augustine was one of the finest works by Coello (1664).
Reference list:
Coello, C. (1664) The triumph of St. Augustine [Oil on canvas]. Museo del Prado, Madrid.
- Artist
- Date (if available)
- Title (in italics)
- Medium [in square brackets
- Name of collection (in italics)
- [Online]
- Available at: URL
- Accessed: date (in round brackets)
In-text:
Dali's Madonna (1958) is seated in an ear.
Reference list:
Dali, S. (1958) Madonna [Oil on canvas] Oxford art online [Online]. Available at: http://www.oxfordartonline.com (Accessed: 09 October 2009).
- Title (in italics)
- Year (in round brackets)
- Place of publication: Publisher
In-text:
The definition (Collins beginner's German dictionary, 2008, p.21)...
Reference list:
Collins beginner's German dictionary (2008) New York: Collins.
- Author
- Year (in round brackets)
- Title of article (in quotation marks)
- 'in' plus title of encyclopedia (in italics)
- Place of publication: Publisher
- Volume and page numbers
In-text:
"In genuine religion, we recognize God to be all good and all holy." (Griffin, 2003, p.650)
Reference list:
Griffin, M.D. (2003) 'Demonology' in New catholic encyclopedia 2nd edn. London: Gale. vol. 4, pp.650-651.
- Author/editor (surname, forename(s) or initials)
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- Edition (if not the first edition)
- Translated by
- Place of publication: Publisher
In text:
In his biography of Bach, Schweitzer (1911, p.32) considered...
Reference list:
Schweitzer, A. (1911) J.S.Bach. Translated by Ernest Newman. New York: Dover Publications.
- Author (surname, forename(s) or initials)
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- Edition (if not the first edition)
- Place of publication: Publisher
- Act. Scene: line
In-text:
"I prithee do not mock me fellow student" (Shakespeare, 1980, 1.2:177).
Reference list:
Shakespeare, W. (1980) Hamlet. Edited by Spencer, T.J.B. London: Penguin. 1.2:177.
- Book of the Bible
- Chapter: verse
- Version of the Bible
In-text:
The Beatitudes (Matthew 5: 3-12)...
Reference list:
Matthew 5: 3-12, Revised Standard Version of the Bible.
- Torah
- Book
- Chapter: verse
In-text:
The reply (Shemot 3:14) is the most...
Reference list:
Torah. Shemot 3: 14.
- Qur'an
- Surah (or chapter): verse
In-text:
"He will guide them and amend their condition." (Qur'an 47: 5)
Reference list:
Qur'an 47: 5.
Acts of parliament - Pre-1963 Acts
- Short title of Act
- Year enacted
- Regnal year
- Name of Sovereign
- Chapter number
In-text:
With the Act of Supremacy 1534 (26 Hen.8, c.1)...
Reference list:
Act of Supremacy 1534 (26 Hen.8, c.1).
Acts of parliament - Post-1963 Acts
- Short title of Act
- Year enacted
In-text:
The statute (Access to Justice Act 1999) laid down...
Reference list:
Access to Justice Act 1999.
Bills (House of Commons or House of Lords)
- Short title
- House in which it originated
- Parliamentary session (in round brackets)
- Bill number (in square brackets for Commons bills, no brackets for Lords bills)
In-text:
Haulage companies expressed concern about the provisions of the Transport HC Bill (1999-2000).
Reference list:
Transport HC Bill (1999-2000) [8].
- Photographer (if known)
- Year (in round brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- Medium [in square brackets]
- Place of publication: Publisher (if available)
In-text:
The events in Winson Green that day were captured by Martin (1907).
Reference list:
Martin, P. (1907) Tram accident in Carver Street [Photograph]. Winson Green: Midland History Resource Centre.
- Photographer
- Year of publication (in round brackets)
- Title of photograph (in italics)
- [Online]
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
His beautiful photograph (Kitto, 2008)...
Reference list:
Kitto, J. (2008) Golden sunset [Online]. Available at: http://www.jameskitto.co.uk/photo_1827786.html (Accessed: 14 June 2008).
- Name of person/organisation posting video
- Year video posted (in round brackets)
- Title of film or programme (in italics)
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
In-text:
It has been suggested that Second Life can perform this function (Eduservfoundation, 2007).
Reference list:
Eduservfoundation (2007) JISC online conference 2007: Second Life showcase session. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ioh8uxTh7s (Accessed: 09 February 2009).
- Name of person interviewed
- Year of interview (in round brackets)
- Title of the interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)
- Interview with/interviewed by
- Interviewer's name
- Title of publication or broadcast (in italics)
- Day and month of interview
Example: newspaper interview
In-text:
Riley (2008) believed that 'imagination has to be captured by reality'.
Reference list:
Riley, B. (2008) 'The life of Riley'. Interview with Bridget Riley. Interviewed by Jonathan Jones for The Guardian, 5 July, P. 33.
Example: television interview
In-text:
The prime minister avoided the question (Blair, 2003).
Reference list:
Blair, A. (2003) Interviewed by Jeremy Paxman for Newsnight, BBC Two Television, 2 February.
OR if published on the internet add:
- [Online]
- Available at: URL
- (Accessed: date)
Example: internet interview
In-text:
The Democrat appeared confident in the discussion (Obama, 2008).
Reference list:
Obama, B. (2008) Interviewed by Terry Moran for ABC News, 19 March [Online]. Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Vote2008/Story?id=4480133 (Accessed: 16 June 2008).
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Last updated 19/12/11